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eduroam in a nutshell

General overview

eduroam stands for education roaming. It offers users from participating academic institutions secure Internet access at any other eduroam participating location. The eduroam architecture that makes this possible is based on a number of technologies and agreements, which together provide the eduroam user experience: "open your laptop and be online".

The crucial agreement underpinning the foundation of eduroam involves the mechanism by which authentication and authorisation works:

  • The authentication of a user is carried out at their Identity Provider (IdP), using their specific authentication method.
  • The authorisation decision allowing access to the network resources upon proper authentication is done by the Service Provider (SP), typically a WiFi hotspot (University campus, etc.).

In order to transport the authentication request of a user from the Service Provider to his Identity Provider and the authentication response back, a world-wide system of RADIUS servers is created. Typically every Identity Provider deploys a RADIUS server, which is connected to a local user database. This RADIUS server is connected to a federation level RADIUS server, which is either in turn connected to the upstream RADIUS server infrastructure or can connect to other RADIUS servers dynamically (using the protocol RADIUS/TLS). Because users are using usernames of the format "user@realm", where realm is the IdP's DNS domain name often of the form institution.tld (tld=top-level domain; both country-code TLDs and generic TLDs are supported), the RADIUS servers can use this information to route the request to the appropriate next RADIUS server until the IdP is reached. An example of the RADIUS hierarchy is shown in Figure 2.1.

To transfer the user's authentication information securely across the RADIUS-infrastructure to their IdP, and to prevent other users from hijacking the connection after successful authentication, the access points or switches deployed by the SP use the IEEE 802.1X standard that encompasses the use of the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). EAP is a container that carries the actual authentication data inside, the so-called EAP methods. There are many EAP methods an IdP can choose from.

eduroam requires that the chosen EAP method must allow

  • mutual authentication (i.e. the user can verify that he is connected to "his" IdP whereever the user is
  • encryption of the credentials used (i.e. only the user and his IdP will see the actual credential exchange; it will be invisible to the Service Provider and all intermediate proxies)

Some popular EAP methods in use in eduroam are

  • PEAP ("Protected EAP") - a Microsoft protocol that establishes a TLS tunnel, and sends usernames and passwords in MS-CHAPv2 hashes inside)
  • TTLS ("Tunneled TLS") - an IETF protocol that establishes a TLS tunnel, and sends usernames and passwords in multiple configurable formats inside)
  • TLS ("Transport Layer Security") - an IETF protocol that authenticates users and the IdP with two X.509 certificates
  • FAST ("Flexible Authentication via Secure Tunneling") - a Cisco protocol that establishes a TLS tunnel, and sends usernames and passwords in a custom way inside)

RADIUS transports the user's name in an attribute User-Name, which is visible in cleartext to all intermediate hosts on the way. Some EAP methods allow to put a different User-Name into the RADIUS packet than in the EAP payload. In that case, the following terms are used:

  • outer identity: this is the User-Name in the RADIUS packet and visible to all intermediate parties
  • inner identity: this is the actual user identification. It is only visible to the user himself and the Identity Provider

When using such EAP methods, and activating this option, the real username is not visible in RADIUS (it will only see the outer identity). Doing so will enhance the user's privacy, and is encouraged. Outer identities should be in the format "@realm" (nothing left of the @ sign, but the realm is the same as with the actual username). The realm part still must be the correct one as it is used to route the request to the respective Identity Provider. Once the IdP server decrypts the TLS tunnel in the EAP payload, it gets the inner identity and can authenticate the user.

After successful authentication by the Identity Provider and authorisation by the Service Provider, this SP grants network access to the user, possibly by placing the user in a specific VLAN intended for guests.

In the next chapter the various elements of this architecture and their functions is described.

Note: On responsibility for actions of the user: Directive 2001/31/EC article 12 defines the liability of a service provider:

  • Where an information society service is provided that consists of the transmission in a communication network of information provided by a recipient of the service, or the provision of access to a communication network, Member States shall ensure that the service provider is not liable for the information transmitted, on condition that the provider:
    (a) does not initiate the transmission;
    (b) does not select the receiver of the transmission; and
    (c) does not select or modify the information contained in the transmission.
  • The acts of transmission and of provision of access referred to in paragraph 1 include the automatic, intermediate and transient storage of the information transmitted in so far as this takes place for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission in the communication network, and provided that the information is not stored for any period longer than is reasonably necessary for the transmission.
  • This Article shall not affect the possibility for a court or administrative authority, in accordance with Member States' legal systems, of requiring the service provider to terminate or prevent an infringement.

The complete Directive can be found at EUR-Lex1.

Please refer to deliverable DJ5.1.4 "Inter-NREN Roaming Architecture: Description and Development Items" for an in-depth description of eduroam and the underlying architecture.

Elements of the eduroam infrastructure

Confederation top-level RADIUS Server (TLR)

The confederation top-level RADIUS Servers, at the time of writing, are located in the Netherlands and Denmark for the European confederation, and Australia and Hong Kong for the Asian and Pacific region. Each have a list of connected country domains (.nl, .dk, .au, .cn etc.) serving the appropriate National Roaming Operators (NROs). They accept requests for federation domains for which they are authoritative, and subsequently forward them to the associated RADIUS server for that federation (and transport the result of the authentication request back). Requests for federation domains they are not responsible for are forwarded to the proper confederation TLR.

Federation-Level RADIUS servers (FLRs)

A federation RADIUS server has a list of connected IdP and SP servers and the associated realms.Typically, a FLR is authoritative for all RADIUS realms ending in its own top-level domain (e.g. a FLR for Antarctica would be authoritative for *.aq); it may also serve a number of domains in other top-level domains (e.g. .com, .net, .org, ...) but it is not authoritative for those entire top-level domains.

The FLR receives requests from the confederation servers and IdP/SP it is connected to and forwards them to the proper server. For its authoritative top-level domain, it rejects requests for non-existent realms inside the top-level domain.

IdP and SP RADIUS infrastructure

eduroam IdPs operate a RADIUS server which is responsible for authenticating its own users, by checking the credentials against a local identity management system.

eduroam SPs operate RADIUS capable equipment like Access Points or switches (see below). Large SPs typically also deploy an own RADIUS server, which is then responsible for forwarding requests from visiting users to the respective federation RADIUS server. Upon proper authentication of a user the SP RADIUS server may assign a VLAN to the user. Small SPs which do not require VLAN assignments can connect their RADIUS equipment directly to their FLR server, if the FLR permits that mode of operation.

Institutions which opt to be eduroam IdP and eduroam SP at the same time can have one RADIUS server that fulfills both roles simultaneously. This is the most popular deployment model in eduroam.

Note that the IdP RADIUS server is the most complex of all. Whereas the other RADIUS servers merely proxy requests, the IdP server also needs to handle the requests, and therefore needs to be able to terminate EAP requests and perform identity management system lookups.

Identity Management System

The Identity Management System of eduroam IdPs contains the information of the end users; for instance usernames and passwords. They must be kept up-to-date by the responsible IdP. An IdP RADIUS server will query the Identity management system to parform the actual authentication for a user as he tries to log in.

Supplicants

A supplicant is a piece of software (often built into the Operating System but also available as a separate program) that uses the 802.1X protocol to send authentication request information using EAP. Supplicants are installed and operate on end-user computing devices (e.g. notebooks, PDAs, WiFi-enabled cell phones, and so on).

Access Points

Access Points are Wireless LAN access devices conformant to IEEE 802.11 and need to be IEEE 802.1X capable. They must be able to forward access requests coming from a supplicant to the SP RADIUS server, to give network access upon proper authentication, and to possibly assign users to specific VLANs based on information received from the RADIUS server. Furthermore Access Points exchange keying material (initialisation vectors, public and session keys, etc.) with client systems to prevent session hijacking.

Switches

Switches need to be able to forward access requests coming from a supplicant to the SP RADIUS server, to grant network access upon proper authentication and to possibly assign users to specific VLANs based on information received from the RADIUS server.



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radsecproxy

This section describes how to set up radsecproxy to act as a federation-level RADIUS and RADIUS/TLS server. It can then completely replace other RADIUS server products on the federation level.

More precisely, it will enable a server to:

  • Accept requests from connected service providers via RADIUS and RADIUS/TLS.
  • Forward requests to connected identity providers via RADIUS and RADIUS/TLS.
  • Forward requests from international visitors to the European eduroam confederation root servers via RADIUS/TLS.
  • Accept requests from the root servers via RADIUS/TLS for the own federation's users when they are roaming in another federation.

Version information

The prerequisites for this deployment are:

  • radsecproxy version 1.6 or higher
  • A server certificate and a private key for that certificate to establish the RADIUS/TLS connection which designates the server as an IdP+SP.

Installation

On UNIX-like systems, the installation is very simple:

  1. Download the code from GitHub https://radsecproxy.github.io/.

  2. Unpack the code.
  3. Navigate into the unpacked directory (the base directory)
  4. type the usual UNIX compilation sequence:   
./configure
make
make check
make install

      4.  After compiling and installing, the executable

radsecproxy

       is in the installed directory. Execution of the installed binaries does not require root rights.

      5. Copy the template configuration file below into

/etc/radsecproxy.conf

      6.  Create the directory /etc/radsecproxy/certs/ca/. The template configuration file requires this directory to contain the accredited CA root certificates and the corresponding Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs) in their OpenSSL hash form. See this section for information about the CA download
      7. Fill the lines marked with _STUFF_ with the required information as explained below.
      8. Start radsecproxy and enjoy (for first-time use, starting it with the -f option is recommended, it will start radsecproxy in the foreground and show some verbose startup messages).

Sample config file

Most of the radsecproxy configuration file is static. This walk-through goes through the template radsecproxy.conf line by line and explains the meaning of each stanza.

ListenUDP                 *:1812
ListenTCP                 *:2083

radsecproxy will receive requests from all connected Service Providers via both RADIUS and RadSec. Therefore it has to listen on the appropriate ports on its network interfaces (the * meaning: all interfaces). If you want radsecproxy to listen only on specific interfaces, enter the interface names here. Beware: in this case you may also have to set the more exotic options SourceUDP and/or SourceTCP (see the man page of radsecproxy for details).

Local Logging

A logging level of 3 is the default and recommended log level. Radsecproxy will then log successful and failed authentications on one line each. The log destination is the local syslog destination.

LogLevel                3
LogDestination          x-syslog:///LOG_LOCAL0


radsecproxy features a semi-automatic prevention of routing loops for RADIUS connections. If you define a client and server block (see below) and give them the same descriptive name, the proxy will prevent proxying from the client to that same server. Turn this feature on with:

LoopPrevention         On

F-Ticks

If you use Radsecproxy, you should send basic statistical information about the number of logins for national and international roaming to the eduroam Operations Team. The system to do that is "F-Ticks". radsecproxy has built-in support for F-Ticks: you simply add an option to all client { } definitions for which you know the country they are physically located in. That typically means all your connected institutions' RADIUS clients, at the national level, but excludes the international roaming top-level servers (e.g. the European Top-Level RADIUS Servers). For an institution it means all your WLAN controller connections. The client definition examples below assume that you do use F-Ticks.

When the client definitions are set-up, the following options enable F-Ticks and send the syslog messages in a privacy-preserving way (by hashing parts of the connecting end-user device's MAC address:

FTicksReporting Full
FTicksMAC VendorKeyHashed
FTicksKey arandomsalt

The ticks will end up in your local syslog daemon; they are NOT automatically sent forward to eduroam Operations. It will depend on your syslog configuration how to achieve forwarding of the messages. For "rsyslog", a popular recent syslog daemon, the following settings will make it work:

# radsecproxy

if ($programname == 'radsecproxy') and ($msg contains 'F-TICKS') \
then @192.0.2.204
& ~

As usual, the IP address above is NOT the actual destination for the eduroam Operations F-Ticks server. Please contact eduroam OT for the the IP address of their server. Also keep your own server's IP address handy, because the F-Ticks server is firewalled to accept ticks only from known sources.

RADIUS/TLS

The following two sections define which TLS certificates should be used by default. This installation of radsecproxy always uses the same certificates, so this is the only TLS section. CACertificatePath contains the eduroam-accredited CA certificates with filenames in the OpenSSL hash form. The parameters below need to be adapted to point to your server certificate in PEM format, the private key for this certificate and the password for this private key if needed, respectively. If no password is needed for the private key, you can comment this line (precede it with a # sign). The option CRLCheck validates certificates against the Certificate Revocation List (CRL) of the CAs. It requires a valid CRL in place, or else the certificate validation will fail. Therefore, it is important to regularly update the CRLs by re-downloading them as described above.

Right now, checking CRLs is discouraged due to a pending bug in OpenSSL regarding CRL reloading.

Replace your paths to the certificate files as necessary - please refer to the "Certificates" section for details on how to obtain and manage RADIUS/TLS certificates.

tls defaultClient {
    CACertificatePath                   /etc/radsecproxy/certs/ca/
    CertificateFile                     /etc/radsecproxy/certs/CERT_PEM__
    CertificateKeyFile                  /etc/radsecproxy/certs/CERT_KEY__
    CertificateKeyPassword              __CERT_PASS__
    policyOID                           1.3.6.1.4.1.25178.3.1.1
#    CRLCheck                            On
}

tls defaultServer {
    CACertificatePath                   /etc/radsecproxy/certs/ca/
    CertificateFile                     /etc/radsecproxy/certs/CERT_PEM__
    CertificateKeyFile                  /etc/radsecproxy/certs/CERT_KEY__
    CertificateKeyPassword              __CERT_PASS__
    policyOID                           1.3.6.1.4.1.25178.3.1.2
#    CRLCheck                            On
}

The following section deletes attributes from RADIUS requests that convey VLAN assignment information. If VLAN information is sent inadvertently, it can cause a degraded or non-existent service for the end user because he might be put into the wrong VLAN. Connected service providers should filter this attribute on their own. Connected Identity Providers should not send this attribute at all. Checking for the existence of these attributes on your server is just an optional additional safety layer. If you do have a roaming use for cross-institution VLAN assignment, you may want to delete this stanza.

rewrite defaultClient {
     removeAttribute                       64
     removeAttribute                       65
     removeAttribute                       81
}

Client definition

client 127.0.0.1 {
        type     udp
        secret   testing123
}

client ::1 {
        type     udp
        secret   testing123
}

There is no other RADIUS server running on localhost, which makes these client definitions almost superfluous. They may be of some use however to initiate debugging requests and tests from the server itself, so it is considered good practice to list localhost as a client. If your system is not IPv6-enabled, simply delete the second stanza.

client __SP_IP_ADDR__ {
        type     udp
        secret   __SP_SECRET__
        FTicksVISCOUNTRY XZ 		# will generate F-Ticks for a non-existant visited country
 }

Stanzas like this one are used for each connected service provider that is connected via RADIUS. You need to know the IP address of every SP's RADIUS server and negotiate a shared secret with the SP

Please note that the client and server stanza for the GEANT Monitoring (SA3-T2 activity) have the same host address, but different stanza names. This is important: it disables the LoopDetection for this host, and the SA3 monitoring deliberate uses loops to do its tests. The following stanza is the eduroam Service Activity's monitoring client. Negotiate the IP address and shared secret for European monitoring with the operators in SA3-T2 (eduroam Operational Team) and enter it here.

client SA3-monitoring-incoming {
         host            x.y.z.a
         type            UDP
         secret          __MONITORING_SECRET__
}

.

client incoming {
        host                              0.0.0.0/0
        host                              [::]/0
        type                              TLS
        tls                               defaultClient
        secret                            radsec
}


After all specific clients in the configuration, you can the above stanza as a "catch-all" for incoming RADIUS/TLS connections.It does not need to be modified (if you do not support IPv6, you can delete the second "host" line though). In particular, the string "radsec" for secret is fixed by the RADIUS/TLS protocol and is required to remain unchanged. It also has no effect; RADIUS/TLS depends on TLS security rather than the shared RADIUS secret.

The eduroam trust model requires that a SP that tries to connect has:

  • A X.509 certificate from an eduroam-accredited CA
  • which carries a Policy OID as configured above to prove authorisation as a eduroam Service Provider

These checks were defined via "tls defaultClient", above.

Request forwarding

To deliver requests to your connected IdPs, their servers need to be configured. This stanza is for IdP servers using RADIUS.

server __DESCRIPTIVE_NAME_ {
          host     __IP_ADDR__
          type     UDP
          secret   __SERVER_SECRET__
}

This is the equivalent stanza for IdP servers using RADIUS/TLS.

server __RADSEC_PEER_DNS_NAME_ {
          type         TLS
          tls          defaultServer
          secret       radsec
          statusserver on
}

The two following stanzas define the uplink to the European eduroam Confederation root servers. This entry can be kept as it stands and doesn't need any further configuration.

server etlr1.eduroam.org {
          type                  TLS
          tls                   defaultServer
          secret                radsec
          statusserver          on
}

server etlr2.eduroam.org {
          type                  TLS
          tls                   defaultServer
          secret                radsec
          statusserver          on
}

European monitoring works both ways. The client entry near the beginning of the configuration file was needed for incoming requests from the monitoring servers. The entry below specifies the outgoing connections to the monitoring server. Outgoing connections are currently monitored with RADIUS only. Use the negotiated IP address and shared secret with SA3-T2 Monitoring in the following stanza:

server SA3-monitoring-outgoing {
          host                  a.b.c.d
          type                  UDP
          secret                __MONITORING_SECRET__
}

After defining the server configurations, we need to define which RADIUS realms are going to be forwarded to which server(s). This is done in the remainder of the configuration file.

First, there are (very few) known-bad realms which are not forwarded at all. They should ideally never reach the FLR server, and be caught by the SP local RADIUS server, but as an extra safety measure they are filtered (i.e. immediately rejected) here:

realm /myabc\.com$/ {
          replymessage "Misconfigured client: default realm of Intel PRO/Wireless supplicant! Rejected by <TLD>."
          accountingresponse on
}

realm /@.*3gppnetwork\.org$/ {
		  replymessage "Misconfigured client: Unsupported 3G EAP-SIM client!"
		  accountingresponse on
}

realm /^$/ {
          replymessage "Misconfigured client: empty realm! Rejected by <TLD>."
          accountingresponse on
}

Note: if you need to blacklist an existing realm for some reason, you can follow the myabc.com example, copying and replacing it with the realm to be blacklisted.

Requests for proper realms that are coming in from upstream and are supposed to be handled by an identity provider are listed in stanzas like the below. _IDP_REALM_ contains the realm of the connected IdP. Create one such stanza for each IdP realm. If an IdP has multiple servers for a failover configuration, you can list all servers in a row, as in the example below.

realm /IDP_REALM$/ {
              server         __FROM_SERVER_STANZAS_ABOVE__
              server         __BACKUP_NAME__
}

The configuration stanza below is for outgoing European monitoring connections.

realm /eduroam\.YOUR_TLD/ {
              server         SA3-monitoring-outgoing
}

All the valid realms were listed earlier in the configuration file, and this server is authoritative for the own TLD. If a supplicant or downstream servers sends a realm with the own TLD, but also with a realm name that is not registered, this request is unauthorised and bound to fail. It will be rejected immediately to prevent routing loops.

realm /\.YOUR_TLD$/ {
              replymessage "Misconfigured supplicant or downstream server: uses known-bad realm in <TLD> federation!"
}

Finally, all realms that do not belong to the own federation are forwarded to the European eduroam Confederation root servers. However, we limit this to 'sane' realms: these must include a tld of at least 2 characters. Anything else is dropped.

realm /@.+\..{2,}$/ {
              server           etlr1.eduroam.org
              server           etlr2.eduroam.org
}

realm * {
			  replymessage "Misconfigured client: username does not contain a valid realm!"
}

Goodies

This section contains some optional configuration parameters that can do good in many cases.

Keeping the config file at a manageable size

radsecproxy allows to split the configuration file into several files on disk and include the parts into the main configuration file. This is very practical when many sites have to be managed. You can create a subdir and put the client, server, realm parts together in one file per participant. By adding

include /etc/radsecproxy.conf.d/*.conf

into the main config file, you can put all the participant files into that directory.

Caveats

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RADIUS/TLS: Obtaining and managing certificates

RADIUS over TLS is a new way of interconnecting federations (and later, if desired, eduroam IdPs and eduroam SPs). It uses TLS encryption instead of IP address and shared secret pairs to authenticate and authorise eduroam servers. When replacing such explicit configuration-based authorisation with a dynamic, automatic provisioning model, it is important to clearly define the rules for issuance of an eduroam server certificate, because the possession of the certificate will enable the holder to participate in eduroam.

In order to make use of this new feature, your FLR server must have acquired an eduroam server certificate. Depending on which federation or world region you are from, the procedures for getting a certificate will differ. The following two subsections are a globally valid description of the eduroam Trust Model. This trust model is currently only implemented by one CA, which operates in Europe. The last subsection provides details for European eduroam participants.

The eduroam server certificate trust model: eduPKI PMA and the eduroam Trust Profile

During the design of the X.509 trust model for eduroam, certain requirements had to be considered.

  • It became clear that no single one Certificate Authority (CA) can or should issue all eduroam certificates world-wide. Instead, rules were defined under which multiple CAs can issue eduroam certificates.
  • These CAs could possibly be general-purpose CAs that also manage certificates for other services besides eduroam. Consequently, the eduroam trust model had to allow to differentiate eduroam server certificates from other certificates from the same CA in a standardised manner.
  • A CA would need to conform to certain quality assurance criteria, which need to be assessed by an oversight committee.

As a result of these requirements, the GEANT project's eduPKI task created a framework for the eduroam trust model:

  • an oversight body, the "eduPKI Policy Management Authority" (eduPKI-PMA) was created and produced a document with defined Quality Assurance criteria for CAs which would like to become part of the eduroam trust model. The rules for CA accreditation are set forth in section "CA Accrediation Process" at https://www.edupki.org/edupki-pma/pma-governing-documents/. Note that eduPKI PMA is currently the only PMA, but this doesn't preclude other PMAs in other world regions from emerging.
  • a X.509 trust profile for the eduroam service was created, which designates two so-called "policy OID" fields to eduroam IdP and SP servers. The trust profile can be found on this page: https://www.edupki.org/edupki-pma/edupki-trust-profiles/
  • this trust profile requires that CAs which use this policy OID will check the authorisation of a certificate applicant whether or not he is actually an eduroam IdP and/or SP server operator.

This way, it can be assured that only authorised eduroam operators get eduroam certificates and can establish connections to other eduroam servers.

Managing accredited CAs in eduroam servers

As at May 2020, this section may be outdated. The TACAR list of eduPKI eduroam certificates does not include the eduPKI CA certificate described below and does include a certificate that is not widely accepted. There are planned changes that may result in this process being entirely revised. However, in the mean time, use of TACAR will lead to FetchCRL3 errors and including the eduPKI CA certificate manually is required for a functioning eduroam RadSec implementation.

The number of accredited CAs and the list of certificates can change at any time. It is important that all eduroam servers consult an up-to-date list of accredited CAs. The list of currently accredited CAs is maintained in a TERENA repository of the TACAR service. A browsable list can be found here: https://www.tacar.org/cert/list/

Please refrain from manually downloading CAs as a one-time action. Otherwise, your CA list will eventually become outdated and this will create service disruption for some eduroam users!

There is currently one accredited Certification Authority: the eduPKI CA, located at https://www.edupki.org/edupki-ca/ . eduPKI CA acts as a catch-all world-wide for eduroam participant countries which do not have their own accredited CA for the eduroam service. Such further CAs are welcome to apply for eduPKI PMA accreditation.

eduroam operators should request their eduPKI CA eduroam certificate by following the instructions on the eduPKI CA eduroam RA pages at: http://www.eduroam.org/index.php?p=europe&s=edupki

Updating CRLs on your server

Since certificate possibly need to be revoked in case of private key compromise or other reasons, it is important that all RADIUS servers which validate eduroam-accredited CAs consult an up-to-date CRL list for each of the CAs. eduroam suggests to use the script "FetchCRL3" which was developed in the Grid community for this very purpose (download here).

Usage:

  • place the .info files of all accredited CAs into one otherwise empty directory ( download edupki.info ) - let's assume for this example that the path to those files is
    /path/to/certificates/
  • find out the command which restarts your RADIUS server on your system - let's assume for this example that the command is
    systemctl restart radiusd.service
  • The following command will attempt to fetch an up-to-date CRL for the CA, and only if successful, will restart your server:
    fetch-crl -l /path/to/certificates/ && systemctl restart radiusd.service

  • This script should be executed in a cron job on a regular basis (we suggest daily).



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