• Application protocols
  • File transfer: FTP vs. HTTP, Secure Shell (SSH), BitTorrent, GridFTP
  • Interactive Applications
    • Multimedia - Voice over IP (VoIP), Videoconferencing
    • Multiplayer games and other collaborative environments
  • Media Streaming
    • Digital Video Transport System (DVTS)
  • Happy Eyeballs

• Application Development
  • Avoiding "chatty" protocols
  • Performance-friendly I/O interfaces

• End-system (host) tuning
  • Operating system independent: Bugs, Hardware
  • Operating system specific: BSD, Linux (InterfaceQueueLength), Mac OS X, Solaris, MS-Windows
  • Adapters and drivers: Large Send Offload (LSO), InterruptCoalescence, Large Receive Offload (LRO), ChecksumOffload, TCP Offload Engines (TOEs), large MTUs ("jumbo frames")

• Virtual Machine
  • Virtualization Techniques: Emulation, Paravirtualization, HardwarePass-through